CHAPTER 7

FULL INDEPENDENCE

The decolonization of former Non-Self-Governing Territories in the Pacific has been numerous since the 1960s and could be applied to Hawai'i, which has yet to decolonize as defined under international law. Many island groups, especially in the South Pacific,

have achieved independence and a new political geography of the region has been established. The most distant fringes of colonial empires that had taken centuries to be established quickly began to crumble. The largest island groups were generally the earliest to become independent. Western Samoa was first in 1962, followed by Nauru in 1968 and Fiji and Tonga in 1970. In 1975 Papua New Guinea, the largest of the new nations of the Pacific, with a present population of over 3 million, became the first independent Melanesian state; it was followed by Tuvalu and the Solomon Islands in 1978, Kiribati in 1979 and Vanuatu in 1980. Independence has not however reached all of the islands of the Pacific.¹

Today, many Hawaiians and some non-Hawaiians envision the reestablishment of an independent Hawaiian nation. But what would this new nation look like? How would it be different from the current state structure? Michael Kioni Dudley and Keoni Kealoha Agard write that a newly formed Hawaiian nation would be culturally unique in the world:

The nation many propose would truly be a Hawaiian nation, distinctively different in the world: a sovereign nation composed of people of many races who felt themselves a part of the islands and who sensed a oneness with the native people: a citizenry that supported the revitalization of Hawaiian culture with its traditional world view and approach to life. A Hawaiian nation ruled by Hawaiians. A nation not lost in its past, but embracing the present and the future from a uniquely Hawaiian perspective, and going about life in "the Hawaiian way."³

Cruz is a member of Ka Pakaukau and the Pro Kanaka Maoli Independence Working Group. She is President of the Pacific Women's Network and the People's Fund, and coordinator of the Ahapua'a Action Alliance. She is also a doctoral candidate in anthropology at the University of Hawai'i.

Laenui is an attorney and the Executive Director of the Institute for the Advancement of Hawaiian Affairs. He is a member of the Hawaiian Sovereignty Elections Council and the host of Hawaii Public Radio's A Second Glance, produced by the Hawaiian National Broadcast Corporation. He is also president of the Pacific Asia Council of Indigenous Peoples.

Blaisdell is a physician and Professor of Medicine at the University of Hawai'i. He is the leader of Ka Pakaukau and the Pro Kanaka Maoli Independence Working Group, and convenor of the 1993 People's International Tribunal.

Gomes is a gay Native Hawaiian woman who has been active in the Hawaiian movement for 25 years. Her passions are activism and community organization focused on people's liberation. She is on the Board of Directors of The People's Fund and The Outfund, two activist funds under the National Funding Exchange which provides numerous types of funding nationwide devoted to people's liberation and social change. Gomes is co-founder of Na Mamo O Hawai'i, an organization for Hawaiians who identify as gay, lesbian and bi-sexual. She is also a doctoral candidate in political science at the University of Hawai'i.

Crawford is a founding co-chair of No Ke Aupuni O Maui with the late Kupuna Apolonia Kealohanui Day. She has worked at the United Nations in formulating the Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and with the Pro-Mentorship Program for the International Indian Council. She is a former Deputy Head of State and representative of the Nation of Hawai'i.

Dudley is currently a high school teacher and was a gubernatorial candidate in 1994. He had been for many years a teacher of Hawaiian Religion at Chaminade University and the University of Hawai'i. He received his doctorate degree in Philosophy from U.H. in 1986. He is the author of Man, Gods and Nature (1990), an account of how Hawaiians traditionally related to nature and viewed the universe, and co-author of A Call for Hawaiian Sovereignty (1990), which traces the dispossession of Native Hawaiian society since 1778 and discusses the emergence of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement, along with various forms of sovereignty.

Kauahi is a former Kaua'i island administrator at Alu Like. He is the acting Prime Minister of the restored Kingdom of Hawai'i. The Kingdom of Hawai'i was restored in 1992 at the time U.S. President George Bush declared that the United States had no trust responsibilities to Native Hawaiians. It is the Kingdom's belief that "the restoration of the Kingdom of Hawai'i as the Sovereign Independent Nation of the Hawaiian Archipelago is not a choice but a responsibility and obligation of every living Kanaka Maoli and those yet unborn."⁴

Agard has been involved in Hawaiian issues (which always revolved around land) since becoming a member of the Friends of Kamehameha in 1964. He joined the ALOHA Association in 1971, and was a member of the Congress of Hawaiian People. In 1984, he wrote the rebuttal to the 1983 Native Hawaiians Study Commission. Agard is a former chair and current member of the Council of Hawaiian Organizations. He is also a former member of the Hawaiian Homes Commission and Hawaiian Sovereignty Elections Council. He is currently working with the Hui Na'auao sovereignty education project.

As explained in chapter 5, Keppeler is an attorney and member of the Hawaiian Sovereignty Elections Council. He is President of the Association of Hawaiian Civic Clubs. From a legal standpoint based on the facts of history, Keppeler concludes that independence status for Hawai'i is the only logical answer to current developments in the sovereignty movement, and the only approach that will undo the crimes of history committed against Native Hawaiians. . . .⁵

As explained in chapter 5, Kame'eleihiwa is a Professor in the Center for Hawaiian Studies at the University of Hawai'i and a citizen of Ka Lahui Hawai'i. She is the author of Native Land and Foreign Desires. Kame'eleihiwa supports Ka Lahui Hawai'i's Master Plan as "a step towards full-independence."⁶

Lynette Cruz - Full independence

Poka Laenui - Full independence, noting that any model other than independence is not sovereignty but degrees of autonomy

Kekuni Blaisdell - Full independence (Ku'oko'a), indicating that Ka Pakaukau does not use the term "model of sovereignty," rather prefers the term "model of self-governance" as sovereignty for the Kanaka Maoli people is an inherent right

Ku'umealoha Gomes - Full independence

Kekula Bray Crawford - Full independence

Michael Kioni Dudley - Full independence progressing slowly over a 40 year period with some parts of Hawai'i becoming fully-independent at first until the entire archipelago is independent

Herbert Holt Kauahi - Full independence

Louis Agard - Full independence

Bruss Keppeler - Nation-within-a-nation leading to full independence

Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa - Nation-within-a-nation based on Ka Lahui Hawai'i's Master Plan leading to full independence

Citizenship
Q2. Within that model, can non-Hawaiians obtain citizenship? What is the process of becoming a citizen?

All ten advocate-leaders affirmed non-Hawaiians could obtain citizenship in a fully independent Hawaiian nation.

In terms of the process of becoming a citizen, Cruz said anyone who has a desire to become a citizen and adopt Hawaiian cultural values could be a citizen. She noted the hanai system in past Hawaiian society was a "process of inclusion." Those who are not from Hawai'i and newcomers who want to become citizens, but have little connection to Hawai'i and the people here, should be given a period of time to adopt to Hawaiian society. They should have the option of choosing whether they wish to live a Hawaiian lifestyle or to leave Hawai'i, according to Cruz.⁷

For Laenui, there are a number of steps one would have to take in the process of attaining Hawaiian citizenship. He said first that the final step for both Hawaiians and non-Hawaiians must be "to elect to be a Hawaiian citizen and disavow being a citizen of any other state or nation-state." Those automatically eligible to take the final step would be: 1) Native Hawaiians of any blood quantum; 2) all persons who had ancestors who were citizens of the Hawaiian Kingdom prior to 1893; 3) all persons born in Hawai'i; 4) all persons residing in Hawai'i who parented a child born in Hawai'i; and 5) all persons residing in Hawai'i who are married to a Hawaiian citizen. According to Laenui, the basis of justification for eligibility is the Native Hawaiian culture based on one's relationship to Hawai'i. In his inclusive criteria, he added those who have lived in Hawai'i for one-third of their lifetime would also be eligible for citizenship. Those who do not meet the above qualifications, e.g., those who have only lived in Hawai'i for five or ten years, could become eligible through some type of naturalization process.⁸

Blaisdell said in order for the Kanaka Maoli people to obtain independence, "We welcome and need non-Kanaka Maoli. All non-Kanaka Maoli who subscribe to the principles for our restored nation are welcome as citizens." The process for non-Kanaka Maoli to obtain citizenship is to get involved in the sovereignty movement now, not at a future date, and abiding by two basic principles based on Kanaka Maoli culture: 1) reverence - which implies spirituality; and 2) compassion - which means concern and caring for all. Blaisdell emphasized that although there is a strict distinction between Kanaka Maoli and non-Kanaka Maoli, the restored nation is not one based on race or ancestry, but rather based on the same cultural and spiritual beliefs and practices. This means it may be difficult for some Kanaka Maoli to adjust to the new nation, if they do not share these beliefs and practices.⁹

For Gomes, becoming a Hawaiian citizen has to be a process of commitment to sovereignty and the Hawaiian nation. She indicated some non-Hawaiians are more committed to sovereignty than some Hawaiians. Because of having received special privileges and benefits, due partly to a socio-economic class structure inherent in a capitalistic society, some Hawaiians are not supportive of the movement, Gomes said. In her view, all potential citizens would have to go through a naturalization process.¹⁰

Crawford indicated under the constitution of the Nation of Hawai'i, Hawaiian and dual citizenship are available to all inhabitants of Hawai'i. She said the Nation of Hawai'i has not completely established the process of obtaining citizenship. Regarding naturalization, the Nation is looking at a transitional period between now and 1998 to present to the people of Hawai'i this and other issues through kukakuka (to discuss, deliberate) sessions, forums and conventions.¹¹

Dudley replied his view of obtaining citizenship is similar to Laenui's. Those who become Hawaiian citizens would have to renounce all other citizenship. He believes the downfall of the Hawaiian nation in 1893 was because of divided loyalties. For him, eligibility for citizenship would be based upon a knowledge of Hawaiian history and culture and a love for the Hawaiian race. Those automatically eligible for citizenship would be: 1) Hawaiians of any blood quantum wherever they reside; 2) non-Hawaiians born here; and 3) non-Hawaiians married to Hawaiians.¹² The process for naturalization would include:

Persons who have lived in Hawai'i for more than five years who demonstrate through workshops and other projects: 1) a love for the islands and a commitment to preserve their beauty; and 2) a commitment to the goals of nationhood: the preservation of the Hawaiian race and the revitalization and promotion of Hawaiian culture--allowing this new nation to move into the future making a distinctively Hawaiian contribution to the world.¹³

Agard replied that before 1893 nobody was barred from becoming a citizen in Hawai'i. He stressed there was never a blood quantum used within the Hawaiian constitution, and prior to the constitutional monarchy of 1840, non-Hawaiians such as John Young and Isaac Davis could become ali'i (chiefs). The process of becoming a citizen, for Agard, would be "to apply as in any other country." To qualify for citizenship, he said the requirements of the pre-existing 1893 constitution would have to be checked. He added non-citizens could also live in Hawai'i.¹⁵

Keppeler responded the process of becoming a citizen would have to be established either through birth or naturalization with proof of loyalty to the nation.

Kame'eleihiwa believes the process of obtaining citizenship should be based on some type of dedication to preserving the land and environment of Hawai'i. She said citizens of the independent Hawaiian archipelago should have "a concerted effort to malama 'aina (to live in harmony with the land) as a basic tenet of a new constitution," along with swearing allegiance to the nation.

Property
Q3. What is the status of non-Hawaiians who are not citizens of the Hawaiian nation? Can they reside in Hawai'i, vote, own homes, land or businesses?

Cruz sees a total paradigm shift in Hawaiian governance and in the global multi-state system in the near future. She sees the international state system of government falling. An independent Hawai'i will be less of a nation and more of a cultural lifestyle based upon community and cultural awareness. She believes those who do not wish to adapt to this change in lifestyle will not want to live in Hawai'i. Voting assumes democracy, which she does not support. The traditional Hawaiian consensus decision making process called Puwalu, where members of groups all have to agree upon decisions and make compromises for the good of the entire group, is culturally appropriate for indigenous Hawaiians and once more being practiced. Non-Hawaiians can also participate in the process, Cruz said. Non-Hawaiian non-citizens could own homes, land and businesses assuming the current state system of governance remains in place. She believes the concept of private ownership will change to a more communal based system centered on human values, such as sharing and personal responsibility.

Laenui said Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian non-citizens would have the right to live in Hawai'i provided certain qualifications are met: 1) they are not preparing to overthrow the government; and 2) the non-citizen foreign population does not exceed one-third of the total population. Non-citizens could not vote and participate in the political life of Hawai'i. They could own homes but not land, other than their home plots. According to Laenui, non-citizen residents could own businesses which would come under the jurisdiction of the nation. He adds:

Their ownership of homes and land . . . should be only for their actual residence and not for investment purposes. Their transaction of business would be permissible provided they fell within the allowable foreign activities and quotas. Disengaging non-citizens from their investment properties should be over a period of time in which they would be afforded ample notice and opportunity to relinquish such properties to citizens or Hawaii business entities.¹⁶

Gomes replied non-citizens residing in Hawai'i would be considered resident aliens. They would need a visa to reside in Hawai'i. Non-citizens could not vote or own homes and land. She cited the Vanuatu model where only citizens are allowed to own land. Non-citizens could establish businesses but would be screened by the government or district councils and have to obtain a special operating license. Taxes would assessed and paid to the government and district councils, Gomes indicated.

Crawford said the Nation of Hawai'i has not completely established standards for non-citizens in an independent nation. She indicated people could probably stay in Hawai'i on visas, but a Hawaiian convention would eventually determine regulations and standards for non-citizens. The bottom line for the Nation of Hawai'i is an inclusive policy for everyone. Crawford said, "We don't want to say you can't live here because you are not a citizen." We need progressive policies in line with other progressive nations, she noted. Non-Hawaiian non-citizens would not own homes and land in fee simple title under the Nation's present constitution, which calls for communal land tenure. In terms of non-Hawaiian non-citizen ownership of businesses, she replied this decision has not been determined yet. Crawford personally sees non-Hawaiian non-citizens being able to maintain small businesses, abiding by the laws of the nation. But they would probably pay higher taxes. Taxes could depend on whether a business is importing or exporting, with the former paying higher rates.

Concerning question 3, Dudley indicates:

Non-citizen residents who have lived within the territorial bounds of the new nation before the date of restoration can continue to live in the nation and to own property and businesses until the day they die. They may not vote. Children born to them after restoration may be citizens if they (or their parents for them) relinquish all citizenship elsewhere. A ratio of 20 % non-citizen residents to 80 % citizens will be the goal of the nation, however. Non-citizen residents will not be allowed to reside permanently in the nation until this ratio has been reached by attrition.¹⁷

For Kauahi, non-Kanaka Maoli non-citizens would not be able to reside in Hawai'i, unless on work or student visas. They could not vote or own homes, land or businesses.

Agard indicated that as before 1893, non-Hawaiian non-citizens would be able to reside in Hawai'i and own homes, land and businesses. They could not vote.

Keppeler said non-Hawaiian non-citizens living within the boundaries of the independent nation would be considered resident aliens. Non-citizens could own homes, land and businesses to the extent allowed by the Hawaiian citizenry. Keppeler stressed some important attributes of gaining independence would be the ability of the citizenry to control immigration into Hawai'i, limit foreign ownership of land, and to keep profits from businesses within the Hawaiian economy, rather than off to the homes offices of multi-national corporations.

Kame'eleihiwa responded non-Hawaiian non-citizens, as well as Hawaiians who do not swear allegiance to the new constitution and are happy with their American citizenship, would be treated as foreigners, taxed accordingly and could not vote. Non-citizens would be able to own homes, land and businesses outside of Ka Lahui Hawai'i's National Land Trust. She believes indigenous Hawaiians living outside of Hawai'i should always have the right to return home and become citizens.

Q4. Would non-Hawaiian residents who do not become citizens of the Hawaiian nation, but who owned homes, land and businesses at the time of the transition to nationhood, retain their property? Under what circumstances might they be evicted from property?

During the transition to nationhood, Cruz said non-Hawaiian non-citizens could retain homes, land and businesses assuming the current state system of governance remains in place. She believes the concept of "being evicted" comes from "someplace else" or from the idea of private property, i.e., the sense of ownership, a "this is mine" attitude. A new nation based on sharing and respect should not warrant these types of feelings, Cruz indicated.

Laenui said Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian non-citizens residing in Hawai'i during the transitional period could retain their homes and home plots. Foreign non-resident businesses and individuals operating in and owning land in Hawai'i must turn over their land to Hawaiian citizens or Hawaiian businesses within half a generation. If not, the lands are to be nationalized. Laenui pointed out this policy follows from the view that "island lands should not be in the hands or control of foreigners who are not residing in Hawai'i."¹⁹ They would be able to continue to operate their businesses, according to him, but under the laws and jurisdiction of the Hawaiian nation. Regarding evictions, he said those found to be criminally liable for abuse of property or treason may be "tossed out" of Hawai'i or evicted as part of their sentence. This policy would apply to Hawaiians and non-Hawaiians.

Blaisdell responded that "for the present transitional period," non-Kanaka Maoli who do not wish to become citizens of the Kanaka Maoli nation would be able to retain homes, land and businesses. At the time of nationhood, all residents of Hawai'i would have to abide by the laws of the Kanaka Maoli nation, which have yet to be drafted. Regarding private lands, he writes:

For now, all private lands will be respected as they are. However, at appropriate times . . . private lands will need to comply with our Kanaka Maoli national policies concerning proper use of lands for the common good of the people and nation in accordance with our cultural tradition of aloha 'aina. That is, respect for the entire environment as sacred.²⁰

Under the Nation of Hawai'i's communal land tenure policy, Crawford believes non-Hawaiian non-citizens residing in Hawai'i during the transitional period could probably maintain their homes and land. She said those who have been kama'aina would likely be entitled to maintain these properties under pre-existing treaties of the Kingdom of Hawai'i. She indicated that in February 1996 the Hawaiian Kingdom Trust Company made public notice to all landholders in Hawai'i to reclaim their land.²¹ The objective is for landholders to clear title and obtain a good deed to their land. Crawford pointed out that all titles to land in Hawai'i are "clouded" due to the reissuing of titles under the illegal Republic of Hawai'i. She explained that during the mid-1890s, all landholders in Hawai'i were required to clear title formerly issued out by the Kingdom of Hawai'i. They were also required to sign an oath of allegiance to the new Republic.

Crawford indicated the fate of large land owners in the new nation should be decided by the people of each island. The system should attempt to achieve a just balance, socially and economically, between large land holders and the people of each island. Regarding businesses, she is personally supportive of small businesses but skeptical of big business which exploits land and resources. Crawford believes the issue of evictions or people being "kicked out" of Hawai'i are social problems that need to be addressed through education and awareness building. A lot of social development is needed during the transitional period, in her view, as these perceptions are created out of anger by both Hawaiians and non-Hawaiians. Those residing in Hawai'i are obliged to uphold the laws of the nation. There is nothing that says anyone is going to be "kicked out" of Hawai'i, she affirmed.

For Dudley, the answer to question 3 in terms of homes, land and businesses also applies to the transitional stage in question 4. He does not see anyone being evicted from property or "kicked out" of Hawai'i. He said criminals or those convicted of treason could be deported from Hawai'i.

Kauahi said non-Kanaka Maoli who do not choose to become citizens would not retain homes, land and businesses. However, non-Kanaka Maoli will see the benefits of citizenship and become citizens, according to him. The Kingdom of Hawai'i will be a government "truly for the people" with an "obligation to take care of all the people who live here." He replied the transition to nationhood will be peaceful.

Kauahi indicated the important point in this question concerns the legality of the property under ownership. In the mid-1840s Kamehameha III had placed all the lands of Hawai'i under "allodial title," i.e., all the lands of Hawai'i were vested in one person, the sovereign, as was the case under Kamehameha I. During the "Mahele" period (1846-1848), the titles to land were issued out in "less than allodial" based on British law. He indicated fee simple ownership of land in Hawai'i under American law did not originate until 1887, at the time of the "Bayonet Constitution." Under the laws of the Kingdom of Hawai'i, according to Kauahi, the titles to land issued out during the "Mahele" were based on guardianship under Kamehameha III, since nobody could truly own the land. With the change of government at the time of the Overthrow, all lands in Hawai'i automatically reverted back to Kamehameha III and the Kingdom of Hawai'i under the Kingdom's laws. He said the treaties of the Kingdom, which are still in existence with twenty-six nations, protected the lands of Hawai'i from "takeover by force or purchase by all foreign powers."²² Therefore, despite the illegal act of 1893, all lands in Hawai'i still belong to the Kingdom of Hawai'i, held in trust for the Kanaka Maoli people, Kauahi explained.

Agard replied non-Hawaiian non-citizens would retain homes, land and businesses during the transition to nationhood. Evictions would likely be for the same reasons as today, and treason could lead to deportation, according to him.

For Keppeler, non-Hawaiian non-citizens could retain homes, land and small businesses, although they would be considered resident aliens. Large land owners and large businesses should be given a period of time to transfer ownership or control of their operations to citizens of the nation. He said this has worked in other countries and could work in Hawai'i. He mentioned that under extreme circumstances could citizens or non-citizens be evicted from property, e.g., for acts of treason.

Kame'eleihiwa responded that non-Hawaiian non-citizens residing outside of Ka Lahui Hawai'i's National Land Trust could retain homes, land and businesses. Only non-Hawaiians married to Hawaiians would most likely be able to live within Ka Lahui's Land Trust. She did not think evictions of non-Hawaiians would be allowed under the rules of the United Nations.

Q5. Can non-Hawaiian citizens of the Hawaiian nation retain homes, land and businesses? Under what circumstances might non-Hawaiian citizens be evicted from property?

For Cruz, the answer to question 4 would also apply to non-Hawaiian citizens of the nation.

Laenui said non-Hawaiian citizens could retain homes, home plots and businesses. While he supports the concept of individual home ownership, he is bothered by the concept of multiple land ownership. Whether one is a resident or non-resident, citizen or non-citizen, he sees problems with people who own so many acres of land and "abuse the ownership of the land through increasing the cost of living in Hawai'i or allowing the land to go unused simply for investment purposes."²³ Laenui thinks what Hawai'i needs to do as a national policy is review the whole idea of land ownership. Evictions of non-Hawaiian citizens would be for the same reasons given in question 4.

Blaisdell's answer to question 4 would also apply to non-Kanaka Maoli citizens. He added if one chooses to become a citizen, they will participate in future decisions of the nation. Again, he stressed the restored and rebuilt Kanaka Maoli nation is based on the principles of "reverence" and "compassion."

Gomes replied non-Hawaiian citizens could retain homes and businesses. They could not privately own land, which would be under communal land tenure and in the control of district councils. Evictions would be for the same reasons given in question 4.

For Crawford, non-Hawaiian citizens would be able to maintain homes, land and small businesses. Regarding evictions, her answer to question 4 also applies this question.

Dudley said non-Hawaiian citizens of the nation would retain homes, land and businesses. His answer to question 4 would also apply to question 5 in terms of evictions. Kauahi indicated non-Kanaka Maoli citizens would be able to retain homes and would be assigned the land their homes are on. They could lease businesses.

For Agard, the answer to question 4 also applies to non-Hawaiian citizens. Keppeler replied non-Hawaiian citizens could retain homes, land and businesses. He believes under the independence model indigenous Hawaiian rights and special programs for Hawaiians, such as the Hawaiian Homelands program, should be protected. His answer to question 4 regarding evictions would also apply to citizens in question 5. Kame'eleihiwa's answer to question 4 would also apply to non-Hawaiian citizens.

Leadership and Governmental Positions
Q6. Can non-Hawaiian citizens hold leadership positions in the Hawaiian nation? In what capacity?

All ten leaders indicated non-Hawaiian citizens could hold leadership positions in some capacity.

Cruz believes leadership should not be elevated to a position of status, but one of taking responsibility for the community. She thinks everyone can exhibit leadership if given the opportunity, although there will be times when certain people must lead for the good of the community and people. Leaders emerge naturally and shouldn't be kept from exhibiting that leadership, including non-Hawaiians. Cruz said some non-Hawaiians are sovereignty leaders in the community. The best leaders are those who can take correcting when they are not leading for the good of the people, she indicated.

Laenui defined leadership as consisting of both governmental and non-governmental positions. Non-Hawaiian citizens could be leaders in all sectors of society, for instance, in the political, economic and religious communities. The political structure of the new nation could consist of executive, judicial and legislative branches of government, according to Laenui, with governmental positions open to the general population. However, their would be a separate council or body within the legislature representing indigenous Hawaiians only. This council or body would exercise a superveto over certain areas such as immigration, environmental issues, and land ownership when dealing with foreign ownership of land. At the executive level, a symbolic or ceremonial position may be designated to a Hawaiian, especially for purposes of international protocol and other relations. Laenui added some non-Hawaiians are leaders in the sovereignty movement today.

Blaisdell said some non-Kanaka Maoli already hold leadership positions such as Marion Kelly and Mary Choy of the Pro Kanaka Maoli Independence Working Group. Non-Kanaka Maoli committed to and promoting models of self-government which relieve the plight of the Kanaka Maoli people can hold leadership positions. He replied, "We need support from non-Kanaka Maoli to provide knowledge and skills that we [Kanaka Maoli] don't have. We will continue to need and welcome non-Kanaka Maoli leaders."²⁴

For Gomes, non-Hawaiian leadership positions would be restricted. Non-Hawaiian citizens could hold ministerial positions but not in certain governmental departments such as education, immigration, land use and security. She indicated leadership is a question of adhering to the cultural values of the nation.

Crawford replied that top leadership positions were restricted in the Nation of Hawai'i at this time. Non-Hawaiians can hold appointed positions in the executive administration such as ministers or diplomats, but cannot hold certain positions, e.g., Head of State, Deputy Head of State, Supreme Court judges or members of the Kupuna Council. She added many non-Hawaiians have been appointed executive positions because they were qualified for these positions.

Dudley is a non-Hawaiian leader in the sovereignty movement. He sees non-Hawaiians holding leadership positions in the new nation at the executive, legislative and judicial levels of government. There would be two leaders of the nation, according to him. The president or prime minister would be of any ethnicity, in charge of the day to day affairs of the nation. The Mo'i or Mo'iwahine (king or queen), who would be of Hawaiian ancestry elected by Hawaiians, and his or her cabinet, would have control over immigration, environmental issues, the Hawaiian Trusts, and cultural development, including education and language. The legislature would consist of two houses. The Senate would be composed of Hawaiians elected by Hawaiians. The House of Representatives would be composed of citizens of any ethnicity elected by all the citizens. Dudley pointed out that the legislature would function as a checks and balances type of system.

Kauahi said non-Kanaka Maoli citizens could not hold top leadership positions in the nation such as Mo'i or Mo'iwahine, Prime Minister, or as members of the House of Nobles. This is based on the belief that only the Kanaka Maoli people have a moral obligation and responsibility to its people, as guardians of these lands, under a convenant made by I'o, or God, 2,600 years ago.

For Agard, non-Hawaiian citizens could hold leadership positions in the same capacity as before 1893. He indicated the documents under the Kingdom of Hawai'i set the precedent for non-Hawaiian leadership.

Keppeler replied non-Hawaiian citizens would have the opportunity to hold leadership positions at all levels of government.

Kame'eleihiwa said non-Hawaiian citizens could hold leadership positions outside of Ka Lahui Hawai'i's National Land Trust.

Q7. Can non-Hawaiian citizens hold governmental positions in the Hawaiian nation? In what capacity?

All ten leaders affirmed non-Hawaiian citizens could hold governmental positions in the independent nation. Crawford pointed out non-Hawaiians already hold appointed governmental positions in the Nation of Hawai'i. For Gomes, non-Hawaiian citizens could not hold top governmental positions such as ministers of certain departments. See question 6. Dudley indicated Hawaiian Trust positions would probably not be held by non-Hawaiians. For Kauahi, non-Kanaka Maoli could not hold top governmental positions. He added, "politics as we know it today will not exist." Kame'eleihiwa replied non-Hawaiians could hold governmental positions outside of Ka Lahui Hawai'i's National Land Trust

Transitional Stage/Privileges
Q8. What is the primary role of non-Hawaiians within the transitional stage of your model?

Cruz said the primary role of non-Hawaiians today is to share expertise and technical skills with Hawaiians. In addition, non-Hawaiians should work to educate and decolonize from within their own ethnic groups.

Laenui believes the role of non-Hawaiians is "to join the movement to demonstrate that the movement is not only of Native Hawaiians. . . . the movement for Hawaiian independence is broader than race."²⁵ He said if the movement is perceived as a racial issue, this may be used by the United States to prevent decolonization. He further added the United Nations has been very unhappy when the "racial card" is played, e.g., the case of Fiji and Apartheid in South Africa. All roles are open to non-Hawaiians, who should not limit themselves to any particular role simply because they are non-Hawaiian, Laenui explained.

For Blaisdell, the primary role of non-Kanaka Maoli is to participate at the present time in rebuilding the Kanaka Maoli nation. He emphasized that non-Kanaka Maoli should not wait, or stand on the sidelines, but get involved in the movement, now.

Gomes said non-Hawaiians need to first educate and help other non-Hawaiians, particularly within their own ethnic groups, to understand about Hawaiian history and the movement for sovereignty. She indicated the movement needs people to do research, give opinions, raise issues based on evidence, and add expertise. Non-Hawaiians should get involved where they feel they would be the most useful to the movement, she added.

Crawford does not see a large difference between the roles of Hawaiians and non-Hawaiians in the movement. She said,

There is a general responsibility that every inhabitant of Hawai'i needs to take in order to learn about what's happening and to participate in whatever way they can. . . . Sovereignty is inevitable.²⁶

Dudley said non-Hawaiians are 80 percent of the future resident/citizens of the nation. However, he explained non-Hawaiians are not active or planning ahead and, as a group, are ignoring the sovereignty issue. He thinks non-Hawaiians need to become active, for instance, by forming non-Hawaiian groups, making proposals, having dialogues, drawing members and studying the economic situation for a future nation.

Kauahi pointed out several non-Kanaka Maoli are already assisting the Kingdom of Hawai'i in the areas of ecology, on environmental issues and looking at new forms of energy conservation. He indicated there has been tremendous support from non-Kanaka Maoli, whose ideas have been very important during the transitional stage. He added non-Kanaka Maoli have been also playing the role in educating other non-Kanaka Maoli regarding the sovereignty issue.

For Agard, non-Hawaiians should assist the sovereignty process through education in order to ensure a peaceful transition to nationhood. He said some non-Hawaiians already have been doing this. An excellent role for non-Hawaiians would be to educate other non-Hawaiians because they have the contacts.

Keppeler indicated that prospective non-Hawaiian citizens should get involved in the sovereignty process and help set-up the new nation since many will be leaders.

Kame'eleihiwa explained the primary role of non-Hawaiians today is to support Hawaiians. She would like "non-Hawaiians to love us and support us -- not tell us what to do, but love and support and offer their services upon request." She's encouraged by non-Hawaiians who decide to learn more about Hawaiian culture, language and history, but not forgetting that they are not Hawaiian. She said Hawaiian "wannabes" are not wanted and offensive; people should celebrate who they are. Kame'eleihiwa does not think Hawaiians would be so concerned about Hawaiian ancestry and blood quantum if they could trust non-Hawaiians. But so many non-Hawaiians, according to her, are willing to take advantage of Hawaiians and use the generosity of Hawaiians against them. She stressed non-Hawaiians should respect the Hawaiian culture, language and people.

Q9. Would long-time non-Hawaiian residents and non-Hawaiians born and raised in Hawai'i be granted any special privileges as citizens of the Hawaiian nation?

Cruz noted that special privileges for non-Hawaiian citizens will not be an issue in the Hawaiian nation. Laenui, Blaisdell, Gomes, Crawford, and Keppeler said non-Hawaiians would not be granted any special privileges as citizens. Dudley explained there may be special protections or a Bill of Rights to alleviate the fears some non-Hawaiians might have as citizens of an independent nation. Kauahi indicated that non-Kanaka Maoli citizens will be able to use the land in Hawai'i for free, since there will be no mortgages on land. Agard replied non-Hawaiians would receive the special privileges that come with citizenship. Kame'eleihiwa added non-Hawaiians already have the special privilege of living in Hawai'i.

Benefits
Q10. How are the pensions, social security and Medicare benefits of non-Hawaiian citizens affected in the Hawaiian nation? Do you have a plan to implement similar programs?

Cruz said non-Hawaiian citizens should get back their social security and Medicare benefits since they've earned them. She cited the case of the Philippines where Filipino nationals today receive their U.S. social security benefits because they've paid into the system. She imagines pensions would be the same. But Cruz anticipates many changes in the building of a new nation, particularly in the area of health care. "We sit in a context of illness," according to her. "Why would people think that we [especially indigenous peoples] could be well in a society that is not well?" The whole system operates to make sure people are sick, and that there is welfare, crime and incarceration. She thinks people will be less sick in the future, as sickness is a symptom of a sick society. The Hawaiian nation must develop a new system of health care for people, she believes.

Laenui's understanding of pension programs and U.S. social security is that Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian citizens would still be eligible for benefits because they contributed into these programs, even if they are not American citizens. Citizenship should not make a difference, he stressed. Regarding Medicare, he is not sure what the effect would be on the citizenry as the U.S. Medicare system appears to be undergoing huge changes. In terms of implementing similar programs, he thinks the new nation needs to open negotiations with the United States to say that all investments and contributions made into the social security program, by those who become Hawaiian citizens, should be transferred to the Hawaiian government. The new government can then decide whether to continue a social security program or implement a similar program. The transfer would allow Hawai'i to control these investments and to be able to fashion a program which meets the needs of the citizenry, Laenui indicated.

For Blaisdell, all of the above programs are Western fabrications of the colonizer. Decolonization means "we think our own way and, therefore, not necessarily in Western terms. However, we are in the transitional period so we have to deal with these programs as they are." For Kanaka Maoli and non-Kanaka Maoli citizens, pensions, social security and Medicare programs are contracts of employees with employers and the U.S. government, not the new Kanaka Maoli nation. He emphasized, "the new nation means decolonization. It means independence, not dependence. Independence means we are no longer dependent on the colonial establishment."²⁷ Blaisdell said the present health system is economically unsound, demoralizing, and sometimes is harmful rather than beneficial. The Western health system is not a health system, but a giant commercial industry, and often a "malhealth" system, he replied. The new nation will have to create new and more effective programs adding, "we need a new concept of health care incorporating our traditional beliefs and practices."

Gomes indicated the new government would probably negotiate the terms of these programs for the citizenry. Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian citizens may lose benefits in the process, she said. The new government must be committed to taking care of all its people, e.g., by providing housing and health care for everyone.

Crawford said the U.S. is obligated under international law to maintain benefits to those who would become Hawaiian citizens. She believes the treaties between the Kingdom of Hawai'i and the United States would have to be renegotiated at the time of nationhood. Regarding the implementation of similar programs, she suggested ways for eliminating current medical problems, e.g., through socialized medicine for everyone, by developing agriculture and building a sustainable economy, through utilizing futures technologies, and by eliminating welfare and food stamp programs, which help maintain a poverty level people.

Dudley believes pensions and social security benefits "should be coming no matter what nation you're living in." He said the United States does not seem to have difficulty paying social security to other nationals who have paid into the system, such as in the Philippines. Regarding Medicare, the new nation would have the money through the elimination of U.S. federal taxes to implement its own program, if desired.

Kauahi replied that pensions and social security are contracts individuals have with a certain entity. He said we must remember the United States is in Hawai'i as a corporate entity, not as a governmental entity, legally. By this he means the U.S. could not legally take its own constitution and apply it to territories outside the contiguous United States. He writes:

The United States by its own Constitution could not take over Hawaii, but it did, illegally. The United States through its treaty with the Kingdom of Hawaii could not legally take over Hawaii and its lands protected by International Law under allodial patents, but it did, illegally.²⁸

Agard thought this question was a little premature. He pointed out these programs would be negotiated for by the Hawaiian nation. He said once an individual is paying into the social security fund they are entitled to the benefits, regardless of citizenship. Pensions are contracts with employers, which should be respected. Regarding Medicare, he expressed Hawai'i first needs a political status before this discussion should take place.

For Keppeler, social security and pensions are contracts between employees and the U.S. federal government, and between employees and employers. These contracts should not be breached, regardless of citizenship. He also gives the example of the Philippines, where those who have paid into these programs still receive their social security and pension checks. He indicated these benefits should be coming unless negotiations with the U.S. are not handled very well.

Kame'eleihiwa said that outside of Ka Lahui Hawai'i's National Land Trust, pensions, social security and Medicare programs could be models of a capitalistic society and social contracts which should be fulfilled.

Immigration/Tourism
Q11. What are your views on immigration? Can non-Hawaiians immigrate to Hawai'i and become citizens of the Hawaiian nation?

Cruz's feeling is those people who cannot accept the new nation will not want to live here:

They will be subjected to a way of living they won't know how to deal with and which will be uncomfortable to them, especially if they need to have a feeling of ownership and security that comes with having your own land.²⁹

Laenui asked, "Who should control or who should determine the policy of immigration itself?" He believes the indigenous people as the "host" people and culture in Hawai'i should have control over immigration. As an indigenous person, he advocates that for the first 10-15 years after independence, the nation would not permit any further immigration until the population settles and we see how many of those who are eligible for citizenship (see question 2) come back to Hawai'i. He mentioned Vanuatu adopted a similar policy upon its independence. After this period the nation would be able to more accurately determine an immigration policy, according to the needs of Hawaiian society and in terms of Hawai'i's role in the international community.

Blaisdell responded "yes" and "no" to this question. He stressed, "one of the major current problems is the unlimited ingress of foreigners into our homeland with depletion of our natural resources and displacement of our indigenous people. That has to stop!"³⁰ But those who embrace the principles of "reverence" and "compassion" are welcome. He also indicated overpopulation contributes to social problems with rising crime. He writes, "Unlimited foreign population ingress, with rising crime and destruction and depletion of our finite natural resources, will be controlled."³¹

Gomes indicated that we must carefully consider the impact immigration has had on Hawai'i's island environment. She questions the number of people Hawai'i can hold. Immigration in a future nation must be more regulated than the current practice, with a non-discriminatory naturalization process.

Crawford said the issue of immigration would be decided in a Hawaiian convention by a new legislature. She believes immigration into Hawai'i must be strictly controlled in the future.

Dudley said Hawai'i is already overburdened with people. He emphasized we have already reached the carrying capacity of the islands. It is time for the world to realize that Hawai'i has a real population problem. He explained the percentage of the very rich and the very poor immigrating to Hawai'i is so high, coupled with a diminishing middle class, that we are headed towards creating a society of only "enclaves of the rich and ghettos of the poor and nobody in between. I think we need to turn off both." He added we are destroying the uniqueness of Hawai'i and the environment that allows for the Hawaiian culture to thrive. With independence, Hawai'i will be able to establish its own immigration laws, which Dudley believes will be very strict.

Kauahi indicated one of the primary responsibilities of Kanaka Maoli is to restore the land, water and air of Hawai'i, and its people. Therefore, there will be a moratorium on all in-migration to Hawai'i. This is also to allow the population to settle. The Kingdom of Hawai'i estimates at least 300,000 - 400,000 Kanaka Maoli living outside of Hawai'i. According to Kauahi, this group has the right and will be given the first priority to come back to Hawai'i. In addition, non-Kanaka Maoli born in Hawai'i with family residing here will be given priority to come back to Hawai'i and become citizens.

Agard said immigration must be controlled in a future Hawaiian nation. Hawai'i is a small island environment, with three times the population density as the U.S. mainland, according to him, with limited natural resources. He indicated those who immigrate to Hawai'i should have employment and some personal or cultural connection to Hawai'i.

For Keppeler, immigration into Hawai'i needs to be limited, whether within the independent nation or the current state of Hawai'i.

Kame'eleihiwa responded that immigration in the future must be strictly controlled. She stressed Hawai'i has a small land base with already over a million people. After independence, Hawaiians should be given the first preference of returning to Hawai'i to become citizens. Non-Hawaiians living outside of Hawai'i with families here, and who love Hawai'i, should be given the second preference of returning, according to her. For those not connected to Hawai'i, Kame'eleihiwa added if someone can do something the government deems as important for the country, then they may be able to immigrate here. "Otherwise, close the borders," she said.

Q12. What are your views on tourism? Would tourism remain an economic market? In what capacity?

Cruz discourages tourism in Hawai'i the way it is set up now, which is about the exploitation of people, culture, and the environment. Tourism should not be about making money, which is not healthy for personal relationships, but to educate visitors about the Hawaiian culture and lifestyle. When asked if she supported eco-tourism, she replied eco-tourism is a new name for tourism, which is also exploitative. Cruz supports tourists visiting Hawai'i and being "hosted" by family and friends so they can learn directly about the Hawaiian culture and how people live here.

Laenui believes tourism would remain an important aspect of the Hawai'i economy, if it doesn't denigrate the host people and culture. If properly controlled, he indicated tourism would not deteriorate and burden the overall environment and would bring important dollars and new ideas into Hawai'i. "Properly controlled" means changes in the current method of tourism would have to take place. Laenui gives the example of what he calls "bubble tourism," e.g., the many Japanese who travel to Hawai'i on self-contained Japanese operated tours catered by Japanese nationals, where the economic profits remain in Japanese hands. In the process, the Hawaiian has very little ability to get into the "economic flow." As an independent nation, we have to "burst the bubble." Laenui suggested foreign-owned tour groups operating in Hawai'i would need to integrate at least 50 percent of Hawaiian citizens into their structure of operation, i.e., at least 50 percent of jobs available in the tourist industry must be filled by Hawaiian citizens, at all levels of employment including corporate and management positions, in the hotel, transportation, recreation, etc. sectors of the industry. He said Vanuatu is an important model to study. Upon independence, all foreign corporations operating within Vanuatu needed to begin integrating Vanuatu citizens into the overall operating structure to keep a fair share of the profits within the Vanuatu economy, as well as to educate Vanuatu citizens to carry on such businesses themselves.

Blaisdell said the whole concept of tourism has to be changed. Tourism in Hawai'i today is based on money, leisure, entertainment for the visitor, commercialization and, therefore, prostitution of the indigenous culture. Ka Pakaukau is against tourism based on the above points. Blaisdell stressed this form of tourism is degrading and culturally insulting to the indigenous people. He adds:

Tourism is already excessive accounting for burdensome population transfer, depletion of our islands' natural resources, prostitution of our indigenous culture and the promotion of social ills, such as crime. Therefore, tourism must be contained and scaled downward to minimize the foregoing adverse effects.³²

Ka Pakaukau supports "travel" if based on cross-cultural learning, respect, peace and non-violence, and promotion and fostering of the indigenous culture. Tourism, he writes,

must change from exploitation to cultural education in promoting intercultural understanding, respect for the diversity of all and especially for indigenous rights, respect for our sacred environment and international peace.³³

Crawford said the Nation of Hawai'i sees tourism remaining as an economic market. However, they would like to decrease the quantity of tourism and increase the quality. To compensate for any losses to the economy due to a reduction in tourism, the Nation could establish other sources of income from agriculture, international banking, trade and commerce, and futures technologies. The Nation does not support eco-tourism but favors a more culturally appropriate form of tourism, according to her.

Dudley believes tourism will remain the mainstay of Hawai'i's economy. He sees a rebirth of tourism which would offer "exotic attractions" for tourists. Tourism should offer the tourist something different and provide a sense of "going to a foreign nation," he explained. As the Green Party candidate for governor, he supports eco-tourism which he defines as "a kind of tourism that puts people in contact with the land, the people and the culture." For the next decade or so, he thinks Hawai'i will be in an eco-tourism growth period. However, eco-tourism is not the end of tourism for him. Dudley said tourism evolves and may naturally take on other forms in the future.

Kauahi responded that tourism as we know it today will not exist under the Kingdom of Hawai'i. Visitors will come to Hawai'i as "guests." Guests will exercise a certain respect for their hosts and the surroundings. Guest facilities will be in people's homes and in various cultural facilities which will provide accommodations and education. He emphasized, "the money will be with the people." Kauahi said during the transitional stage workers in the tourist industry will be accommodated for: "We will not allow people here to suffer because we differ on how tourism should be handled." He mentioned the hotels in Hawai'i will eventually be used for other purposes and the mega resorts will be turned into schools and other facilities. Many beach front facilities will eventually be removed to allow for public access and use of the ocean. Those operating in these facilities will be accommodated for, he pointed out.

Agard supports tourism, but he said it must be reduced, regulated and provide rights for indigenous Hawaiians. He stressed tourism has not benefited Hawaiians but has displaced them and used up their assets through development. Tourism has been used by outside interests, i.e., primarily multi-national corporations, to sell the land, weather and sea of Hawai'i for profit. He explained the Hawai'i Visitors Bureau continues to tell Hawai'i residents, who subsidize 90 percent of the HVB's annual budget of more than $30 million,³⁴ that "tourism is good for you." However, out of the $19 billion in annual sales generated by the tourist industry, the vast sum of profits do not stay in Hawai'i, according to Agard. Besides the $1 billion dollars that goes into the city and state coffers as taxes, and the minimal wages paid to workers, the rest of the profits are

exported out of Hawai'i as dividends to shareholders worldwide. It is not plowed back into this community. . . . I say the high cost of living in Hawai'i is due to the fact that multi-national corporations, who do business in Hawai'i as tourism-oriented, export their profits and thereby raise the cost of living for the residents in Hawai'i. . . . Every dollar a developer invests in Hawai'i costs us three dollars in the long term upkeep.³⁵

Keppeler believes tourism would remain an economic market, but there must be stricter controls placed on the tourism industry, with a greater emphasis on cultural and resource preservation.

Kame'eleihiwa is against tourism but believes some form of tourism will exist in a future independent nation. She does not think tourism is a good idea because of the many problems which develop such as the depletion of natural resources and the amount of sewage produced. If there is going to be tourism, she said it must be scaled back with an emphasis on resource conservation. The number of tourists coming to Hawai'i annually should be equal to the local population of one million. Kame'eleihiwa added employees should own the hotels, and Hawaiians need to be in top management positions, instead of always at the bottom. Lastly, she replied eco-tourism "takes people to places where they should not go," for instance, to sacred sites and pristine areas where indigenous species do not need the outside contact.

Table 7.1

FULL INDEPENDENCE

Leaders	Q2. Can non-Hawaiians obtain citizenship?	Q2. What is the process of becoming a citizen?
Lynette Cruz	Yes	To adopt Hawaiian cultural values and choose to live a Hawaiian lifestyle
Poka Laenui	Yes	There are a number of steps one would have to take in the process. The final step would be based on allegiance to the nation.
Kekuni Blaisdell	Yes	To get involved in the sovereignty movement, now
Ku'umealoha Gomes	Yes	To be committed to sovereignty and the Hawaiian nation
Kekula Bray Crawford	Yes	Not completely established
Michael Kioni Dudley	Yes	Based upon allegiance and knowledge of Hawaiian history and culture and a love for the Hawaiian race
Herbert Holt Kauahi	Yes	To pledge allegiance to Hawai'i and uphold the laws of the Kingdom. He notes non-Kanaka Maoli will want to become citizens.
Louis Agard	Yes	..."to apply as in any other country."
Bruss Keppeler	Yes	Established either through birth or naturalization with proof of loyalty to the nation
Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa	Yes	Based on some type of cultural awareness and "a concerted effort to malama 'aina ..."



Table 7.1 looks at the issue of citizenship in the full independence model and the process of becoming a citizen. All ten leaders indicated non-Hawaiians could obtain citizenship in a fully independent nation. However, there was no single area of consensus on the process of becoming a citizen. Most of the leaders based the process on one of two factors: 1) allegiance to the Hawaiian nation; and 2) a knowledge and awareness of the Hawaiian culture.

Tables 7.2, 7.3 and 7.4 primarily focus on the area of property. Table 7.2 concentrates on the period of time after the implementation of the full independence model. Most of the leaders said non-Hawaiian non-citizens could reside in Hawai'i, but they could not vote in Hawaiian elections. There as no obvious consensus on non-Hawaiian non-citizen ownership of homes, land or businesses, although half of the leaders were receptive to non-citizen ownership of businesses.

Table 7.2

FULL INDEPENDENCE

Q3. What is the status of non-Hawaiians who are not citizens of the Hawaiian nation? Can they:

Leaders	Reside in Hawai'i?	Vote?	Own homes?	Own land?	Own businesses?
Lynette Cruz	They will not want to live here if they don't adapt to a Hawaiian cultural lifestyle.	Voting assumes democracy which she does not support	Assuming the current state system of government remains in place	Assuming the current state system of government remains in place	Assuming the current state system of government remains in place
Poka Laenui	Provided certain qualifications are met	No	Yes	Yes. Home plots only	Yes. They could operate under the laws and jurisdiction of the nation.
Kekuni Blaisdell	Yes. They would be considered foreigners.	No	It would depend on the laws of the Kanaka Maoli nation.	It would depend on the laws of the Kanaka Maoli nation.	It would depend on the laws of the Kanaka Maoli nation.
Ku'umealoha Gomes	Yes. They would be considered resident aliens.	No	No	No	Yes. They would be screened by the government or district councils.
Kekula Bray Crawford	Probably on visas	?	Not in fee simple title	Not in fee simple title	This decision has not been made yet.
Michael Kioni Dudley	Not permanently until a ratio of 20% non-citizen residents to 80% residents is met	No	Not permanently until a ratio of 20% non-citizen residents to 80% residents is met	Not permanently until a ratio of 20% non-citizen residents to 80% residents is met	Yes. ..."we live in an international economic situation."
Herbert Holt Kauahi	Yes. On student or work visas	No	No	No	No
Louis Agard	Yes. This was the case before 1893.	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Bruss Keppeler	Yes. They would be considered resident aliens.	?	To the extent allowed by the citizenry	To the extent allowed by the citizenry	To the extent allowed by the citizenry
Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa	Yes. They would be treated as foreigners.	No	Yes. Outside Ka Lahui's National Land Trust	Yes. Outside Ka Lahui's National Land Trust	Yes. Outside Ka Lahui's National Land Trust

Tables 7.3 and 7.4 address the transitional stage towards, and at the time of, achievement of the full independence model, and the issue of evictions. In table 7.3, most of the leaders replied that non-Hawaiians who do not choose to become citizens of the Hawaiian nation would retain homes and at least home plots. They would also be able to at least retain small businesses. There was no obvious consensus regarding circumstances of non-Hawaiian non-citizens being evicted from property.

Table 7.3

FULL INDEPENDENCE

Q4. Would non-Hawaiian residents who do not become citizens of the Hawaiian nation, but who owned homes, land and businesses at the time of the transition to nationhood, retain their property? Under what circumstances might they be evicted from property?

Leaders	Retain homes?	Retain land?	Retain businesses?	Evictions?
Lynette Cruz	Assuming the current state system of governance remains in place	Assuming the current state system of governance remains in place	Assuming the current state system of governance remains in place	None. The concept of "being evicted" comes from the idea of private property, a "this is mine" attitude.
Poka Laenui	Yes	Home plots only	Yes. They could operate under the laws and jurisdiction of the nation.	Those found to be criminally liable for abuse of property or treason may be "tossed out" of Hawai'i.
Kekuni Blaisdell	Yes. "For the present transitional period"...	Yes. "For the present transitional period"...	Yes. "For the present transitional period"...	Compassion, for Blaisdell, means one does not evict people from the land.
Ku'umealoha Gomes	Yes, but under special provisions	Yes, but under special provisions	Yes. They could operate under the laws and jurisdiction of the nation.	Breaking the laws of the nation and treason could result in evictions and deportations.
Kekula Bray Crawford	Probably in communal land tenure and under pre-existing treaties of the Kingdom of Hawai'i	Probably in communal land tenure and under pre-existing treaties of the Kingdom of Hawai'i	She is supportive of small businesses but skeptical of big business.	None. The issue of evictions or people being "kicked out" of Hawai'i are social problems...
Michael Kioni Dudley	Yes. Those residing in Hawai'i at the time of restoration could retain their property until the day they die.	Yes. Those residing in Hawai'i at the time of restoration could retain their property until the day they die.	Yes. Those residing in Hawai'i at the time of restoration could retain their businesses until the day they die.	Criminals or those convicted of treason could be deported from Hawai'i.
Herbert Holt Kauahi	No	No	No	Not applicable
Louis Agard	Yes	Yes	Yes	Evictions would likely be for the same reasons as today. Treason could lead to deportation.
Bruss Keppeler	Yes. They would be considered resident aliens.	Yes. Large land owners should be given a period of time to transfer ownership to citizens.	Yes. Large businesses should be given a period of time to transfer their operations to citizens.	Evictions could occur under extreme circumstances e.g., for acts of treason.
Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa	Yes. Outside Ka Lahui's National Land Trust	Yes. Outside Ka Lahui's National Land Trust	Yes. Outside Ka Lahui's National Land Trust	Not possible



In table 7.4, a large majority of the leaders affirmed that non-Hawaiian citizens of the Hawaiian nation could retain homes. Most of the leaders replied non-Hawaiians who become citizens could also retain land and businesses. There was no obvious consensus regarding non-Hawaiian citizens being evicted from property, although half of the leaders said treason could lead to evictions and deportations.

Table 7.4

FULL INDEPENDENCE

Q5. Can non-Hawaiian citizens of the Hawaiian nation retain homes, land and businesses? Under what circumstances might non-Hawaiian citizens be evicted from property?

Leaders	Retain homes?	Retain land?	Retain businesses?	Evictions?
Lynette Cruz	Assuming the current state system of governance remains in place	Assuming the current state system of governance remains in place	Assuming the current state system of governance remains in place	None. The concept of "being evicted" comes from the idea of private property, a "this is mine" attitude.
Poka Laenui	Yes	Home plots only	Yes	Those found to be criminally liable for abuse of property or treason may be "tossed out" of Hawai'i.
Kekuni Blaisdell	Yes. "For the present transitional period"... They will participate in future decisions of the nation.	Yes. "For the present transitional period"... They will participate in future decisions of the nation.	Yes. "For the present transitional period"... They will participate in future decisions of the nation.	Compassion, for Blaisdell, means one does not evict people from the land.
Ku'umealoha Gomes	Yes	Yes. Under communal land tenure and in the control of district councils	Yes	Breaking the laws of the nation and treason could result in evictions and deportations.
Kekula Bray Crawford	Yes	Yes	Small businesses	None. The issue of evictions or people being "kicked out" of Hawai'i are social problems...
Michael Kioni Dudley	Yes	Yes	Yes	Criminals or those convicted of treason could be deported from Hawai'i.
Herbert Holt Kauahi	Yes	They would be assigned the land their homes are on.	They could lease businesses.	?
Louis Agard	Yes	Yes	Yes	Evictions would likely be for the same reasons as today. Treason could lead to deportation.
Bruss Keppeler	Yes	Yes	Yes	Evictions could occur under extreme circum- stances, e.g., for acts of treason.
Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa	Yes. Outside Ka Lahui's National Land Trust	Yes. Outside Ka Lahui's National Land Trust	Yes. Outside Ka Lahui's National Land Trust	Not possible



Table 7.5

FULL INDEPENDENCE

Leaders	Q6. Can non-Hawaiian citizens hold leadership positions in the Hawaiian nation? In what capacity?	Q7. Can non-Hawaiian citizens hold governmental positions in the Hawaiian nation? In what capacity?
Lynette Cruz	Yes. Some do already. Everyone can exhibit leadership, although there will be times when certain people must lead for the good of the community and people.	Yes
Poka Laenui	Yes. Some do already. They can hold governmental and non-governmental positions in all sectors of society.	Yes
Kekuni Blaisdell	Yes. Some do already. Those committed to and promoting models of self-government which relieve the plight of the Kanaka Maoli people can hold leadership positions.	Yes
Ku'umealoha Gomes	Yes, but restricted. They can hold ministerial positions but not in certain governmental departments such as education and immigration.	Yes, but not top governmental positions such as ministers of certain departments
Kekula Bray Crawford	Yes, but top positions in the Nation of Hawai'i are restricted at this time. They can hold appointed executive positions.	Yes. Some already hold govern- mental positions in the Nation of Hawai'i.
Michael Kioni Dudley	Yes. They can hold leadership positions at the executive, legislative and judicial levels of government.	Yes, but probably not Hawaiian Trust positions
Herbert Holt Kauahi	Yes, but not top positions such as Mo'i or Mo'iwahine (king or queen), Prime Minister, or members of the House of Nobles.	Yes, but not top governmental positions. He added, "politics as we know it today will not exist."
Louis Agard	Yes. They can hold leadership positions in the same capacity as before 1893.	Yes
Bruss Keppeler	Yes. They would have the opportunity to hold leadership positions at all levels of government.	Yes
Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa	Yes, but outside Ka Lahui's National Land Trust	Yes, but outside Ka Lahui's National Land Trust



Table 7.5 addresses non-Hawaiian citizens holding leadership and governmental positions in the full independence model. All ten leaders indicated that non-Hawaiians could hold leadership and governmental positions in the Hawaiian nation. Most of the leaders said non-Hawaiians could basically hold these positions in the same capacity as Hawaiians.

Table 7.6

FULL INDEPENDENCE

Leaders	Q8. What is the primary role of non-Hawaiians within the transitional stage of your model?	Q9. Would long-time non-Hawaiian residents and non-Hawaiians born and raised in Hawai'i be granted any special privileges as citizens of the Hawaiian nation?
Lynette Cruz	The primary role of non-Hawaiians today is to share expertise and technical skills with Hawaiians. Non-Hawaiians should also educate and decolonize from within their own ethnic groups.	Special privileges for non-Hawaiian citizens will not be an issue in the Hawaiian nation.
Poka Laenui	The role of non-Hawaiians is "to join the movement to demonstrate that the movement is not only of Native Hawaiians..." All roles are open to non-Hawaiians.	No
Kekuni Blaisdell	The primary role of non-Kanaka Maoli is to participate at the present time in rebuilding the Hawaiian nation. They should get involved in the movement, now.	No
Ku'umealoha Gomes	Non-Hawaiians need to first educate and help other non-Hawaiians to understand about Hawaiian history and the reasons for the movement. We also need people to do research, give opinions, raise issues based on evidence, and add expertise.	No
Kekula Bray Crawford	"There is a general responsibility that every inhabitant of Hawai'i needs to take in order to learn about what's happening and to participate in whatever way they can."... All people can have an effect on the movement.	No
Michael Kioni Dudley	Non-Hawaiians need to become active, e.g., by forming non-Hawai- ian groups, making proposals, having dialogues, drawing members and studying the economic situation for a future nation.	There may be special protections or a Bill of Rights to alleviate the fears some non-Hawaiians might have as citizens of an independent nation.
Herbert Holt Kauahi	Non-Kanaka Maoli have been assisting the Kingdom in the areas of ecology, energy conservation, and on environmental issues. They have been also educating other non-Kanaka Maoli on sovereignty.	Non-Kanaka Maoli citizens will be able to use the land in Hawai'i for free, since there will be no mortgages on land.
Louis Agard	Non-Hawaiians should assist the sovereignty process through education to ensure a peaceful transition to nationhood. Some have already been doing this.	Non-Hawaiians would receive the special privileges that come with citizenship.
Bruss Keppeler	Prospective non-Hawaiian citizens should get involved in the sover- eignty process and help set-up the new nation since many will be leaders.	No
Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa	The primary role of non-Hawaiians today is to support Hawaiians. She would like "non-Hawaiians to love us and support us ..."	Non-Hawaiians already have the special privilege of living in Hawai'i.



Table 7.6 discusses the primary role of non-Hawaiians in the transitional stage of the full independence model, and whether long-time non-Hawaiian residents would receive any special privileges as citizens. Regarding roles, the consensus found among a large majority of the leaders was for non-Hawaiians to assist and become involved in the sovereignty movement today. Most of the leaders noted there would not be any special privileges for non-Hawaiian citizens.

Table 7.7

FULL INDEPENDENCE

Q10. How are the pensions, social security and Medicare benefits of non-Hawaiian citizens affected in the Hawaiian nation? Do you have a plan to implement similar programs?

Leaders	Pensions?	Social Security?	Medicare?	Implement Programs?
Lynette Cruz	Non-Hawaiian citizens should get back benefits since they earned them.	Non-Hawaiian citizens should get back benefits since they earned them.	Non-Hawaiian citizens should get back benefits since they earned them.	The new nation must develop a new system of health care for people.
Poka Laenui	Regardless of citizenship, non-Hawaiians would be eligible for benefits because they contributed into these programs.	Regardless of citizenship, non-Hawaiians would be eligible for benefits because they contributed into these programs.	Not sure	The new government can decide whether to keep a S.S. program or implement a similar program.
Kekuni Blaisdell	Pensions are contracts with employers, not with the new Kanaka Maoli nation.	Social Security is a contract with the U.S. government, not the new Kanaka Maoli nation.	Medicare is a contract with the U.S. government, not the new Kanaka Maoli nation.	The new nation will have to create new and more effective programs, especially regarding health care.
Ku'umealoha Gomes	Benefits may be lost	Benefits may be lost	Benefits may be lost.	The new government must be committed to taking care of all its people, e.g., by providing housing and health care for everyone.
Kekula Bray Crawford	The U.S. is obligated under international law to maintain the benefits to those who would become Hawaiian citizens.	The U.S. is obligated under international law to maintain the benefits to those who would become Hawaiian citizens.	The U.S. is obligated under international law to maintain the benefits to those who would become Hawaiian citizens.	She suggested ways for eliminating current medical problems, e.g., through socialized medicine for everyone...
Michael Kioni Dudley	..."should be coming no matter what nation you're living in."	..."should be coming no matter what nation you're living in."	The new nation would have the money through the elimination of U.S. federal taxes to implement its own program, if desired.	See Medicare
Herbert Holt Kauahi	Citizens of the Kingdom will be able to collect benefits from whatever entity they have a contract with.	Citizens of the Kingdom will be able to collect benefits from whatever entity they have a contract with.	..."nothing could be worse than what's going on now."	The Kingdom has been developing an excellent health care plan and no one will be homeless in the future nation.
Louis Agard	Pensions are contracts with employers which should be respected.	Once one is paying into the social security fund they are entitled to the benefits, regardless of citizenship.	Hawai'i first needs a political status before this discussion should take place.	?
Bruss Keppeler	This is a contract which should not be breached, regardless of citizenship.	This is a contract which should not be breached, regardless of citizenship.	?	?
Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa	This is a social contract which should be fulfilled.	This is a social contract which should be fulfilled.	This is a social contract which should be fulfilled.	?



Table 7.7 looks at how certain benefits of non-Hawaiian citizens would be affected in the Hawaiian nation, and if the leaders had plans to implement similar programs. In terms of pensions and social security, a large majority of the leaders indicated that these programs are contracts an individual has with a certain entity, and, therefore, non-Hawaiians should be eligible for benefits regardless of citizenship. There was no obvious consensus among the leaders on how Medicare benefits of non-Hawaiians would be affected. For most of the leaders who responded to the area of implementing programs, the Hawaiian nation must be committed to developing effective health care programs and to provide housing for citizens.

Table 7.8 summarizes the leaders' views on immigration and tourism, whether non-Hawaiians can immigrate and become citizens of the Hawaiian nation, and if tourism would remain an economic market in Hawai'i. The primary consensus among most of the leaders regarding immigration was that it must be strictly controlled in a future independent nation. A majority of the leaders support tourism, but most of the leaders stressed that tourism in the Hawaiian nation must be limited and controlled.

Table 7.8

FULL INDEPENDENCE

Leaders	Q11. What are your views on immigration? Can non-Hawaiians immigrate to Hawai'i and become citizens of the Hawaiian nation?	Q12. What are your views on tourism? Would tourism remain an economic market? In what capacity?
Lynette Cruz	Cruz's feeling is that people who cannot accept the new nation will not want to live here.	Cruz discourages tourism the way it is set up now, which is about the exploitation of people, culture and the environment. She supports tourists being "hosted" by family and friends ...
Poka Laenui	The indigenous peoples should have control over immigration. For the first 10-15 years after independence, immigration would not be permitted, other than for those eligible - - until the population settles.	Tourism would remain an important aspect of the Hawai'i economy, if it doesn't denigrate the host people and culture. If properly controlled tourism would bring important dollars and new ideas into Hawai'i.
Kekuni Blaisdell	The unlimited ingress of foreigners into our home land has to stop! But those who embrace the principles of reverence and compassion are welcome.	The whole concept of tourism has to be changed. He supports "travel" if based on cross-cultural learning, respect, non-violence and fostering of the indigenous culture.
Ku'umealoha Gomes	Immigration in a future nation must be more regulated than the current practice. We must carefully consider the impact immigration has had on Hawai'i's island environment.	Tourism can be a viable economy but is often exploitative and must be controlled. Tourism in the future would be restricted to certain islands and regions to allow the Kanaka Maoli people and culture to subsist.
Kekula Bray Crawford	Immigration into Hawai'i must be strictly controlled. The issue of immigration would be decided in a Hawaiian convention by the new legislature.	Crawford and the Nation of Hawai'i see tourism remaining as an economic market. However, they would like to decrease the quantity and increase the quality of tourism.
Michael Kioni Dudley	We have reached the carrying capacity of the islands. Over- population is destroying the uniqueness of Hawai'i and the Hawaiian culture. Immigration laws will be very strict.	Tourism would remain the mainstay of Hawai'i's economy. Tourism should offer something different ... He thinks Hawai'i will be in an eco-tourism mode for the next decade.
Herbert Holt Kauahi	There will be a moratorium on all immigration to Hawai'i. Non-Kanaka Maoli born in Hawai'i with families here will be given priority (after Kanaka Maoli) of returning to become citizens.	Tourism as we know it today will not exist under the Kingdom of Hawai'i. Visitors will come to Hawai'i as "guests."
Louis Agard	Immigration must be controlled in a future Hawaiian nation. Those who immigrate here should have employ-ment and some personal or cultural connection to Hawai'i.	..."our standard of living [is] being drained" by the tourist industry. He supports tourism, but it must be reduced, regulated and provide rights for indigenous Hawaiians.
Bruss Keppeler	Immigration to Hawai'i needs to be limited.	Tourism would remain an economic market but there must be stricter controls placed on the industry, with a greater emphasis on cultural and resource preservation.
Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa	Immigration in the future must be strictly controlled. Non-Hawaiians with families here and who love Hawai'i, should be given preference (after Hawaiians) of returning to become citizens.	Kame'eleihiwa is against tourism but believes some form will exist in an independent nation. Tourism must be scaled back with an emphasis on resource conservation.



¹ John Connell, New Caledonia: The Matignon Accord and the Colonial Future, RIAP Occasional Paper No. 5, University of Sydney: Research Institute for Asia and the Pacific, 1988, p. 1.
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² Poka Laenui, Straight Talk on Hawaiian Sovereignty, Honolulu: Institute for the Advancement of Hawaiian Affairs, June 1994, p. 21.
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³ Michael Kioni Dudley and Keoni Kealoha Agard, A Call for Hawaiian Sovereignty, Honolulu: Na Kane O Ka Malo Press, 1990, p. 138.
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⁴ Kamehameha VI, Letter of greetings from the restored Kingdom of Hawai'i, Honolulu: June 7, 1992.
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⁵ Interview with Bruss Keppeler, December 13, 1995.
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⁶ Interview with Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa, February 12, 1996.
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⁷ Interview with Lynette Cruz, October 20, 1995.
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⁸ Interview with Poka Laenui, October 24, 1995.
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⁹ Interview with Kekuni Blaisdell, October 28, 1995.
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¹⁰ Interview with Ku'umealoha Gomes, November 4, 1995.
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¹¹ Interview with Kekula Bray Crawford, November 7, 1995.
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¹² Interview with Michael Kioni Dudley, November 7, 1995.
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¹³ Hawaiian Sovereignty Economic Symposium, Questionnaire Responses, Honolulu: Prepared by Kenya Information Services, May 5, 1993, p. 4.
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¹⁴ Interview with Herbert Holt Kauahi, November 20, 1995.
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¹⁵ Interview with Louis Agard, November 21, 1995.
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¹⁶ Hawaiian Sovereignty Economic Symposium, Questionnaire Responses, p. 4.
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¹⁷ Ibid., pp. 4-5.
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¹⁸ Interview with Michael Kioni Dudley, November 7, 1995.
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¹⁹ Interview with Poka Laenui, October 24, 1995.
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²⁰ Kekuni Blaisdell, "Kanaka Maoli seek total control of land, sea," Honolulu Advertiser, August 13, 1995.
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²¹ Interview with Kekula Bray Crawford, April 30, 1996.
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²² Kalaimoku Herbert Holt Kauahi, "The World's Best Kept Secret: Kamehameha III Probate Trust," 'Iolani (News of the Kingdom), July 1993, p. 1.
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²³ Interview with Poka Laenui, October 24, 1995.
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²⁴ Interview with Kekuni Blaisdell, October 28, 1995.
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²⁵ Interview with Poka Laenui, October 24, 1995.
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²⁶ Interview with Kekula Bray Crawford, November 7, 1995.
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²⁷ Interview with Kekuni Blaisdell, October 28, 1995.
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²⁸ Kauahi, "The World's Best Kept Secret: Kamehameha III Probate Trust," 'Iolani, p. 1.
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²⁹ Interview with Lynette Cruz, October 20, 1995.
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³⁰ Interview with Kekuni Blaisdell, October 28, 1995.
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³¹ Blaisdell, "Kanaka Maoli seek total control of land, sea," Honolulu Advertiser, August 13, 1995.
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³² Ka Pakaukau's Position on Five Issues (Revision), Presented for Hui Na'auao Sovereignty Panels, December 10-18, 1994, January 28, 1995, p. 4.
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³³ Ibid.
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³⁴ Stu Glauberman, "Public money for private interests?: Some Hawaii residents question whether taxpayers should pay to promote the visitor industry," Honolulu Advertiser, October 29, 1995.
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³⁵ Interview with Louis Agard, November 21, 1995.
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